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Physical Science

Vasquez High School -- Physical Science Syllabus -- J. Berkeley -- 2014-2015

General Science Unit

1) Qualities of a Scientist
2) SI System of Measurement
3) Branches of Physics and Chemistry and Related
4) Metric System
5) Accuracy and Precision
6) Safety Rules in the Laboratory
7) Scientific Method

Physics - Unit #1

1) Scalars & Vectors
2) All Motion is Relative
3) Position, Speed, Velocity, Acceleration
4) Gravity and Free Fall
5) Terminal Velocity & Air Resistance
6) Graphing Motion
7) Projectile Motion
8) Basic Trigonometry (maybe)
9) Calculations, Demonstrations, Labs, Activities, Projects

Physics - Unit #2

1) Newton's Laws and Concept of Force
2) Rotation vs. Revolution
3) Centripetal and Tangential Acceleration etc.
4) Types and Changes of Energy, Potential vs. Kinetic
5) Energy, Work, and Power
6) Simple and Compound Machines
7) Rolling Objects and Moments of Inertia (maybe)
8) Calculations, Demonstrations, Labs, Activities, Projects

Physics - Unit #3

1) Heat and Temperature - Basic Thermodynamics
2) Temperature Scales & Conversions
3) Waves - Types, Characteristics and Behaviors
4) Electromagnetic Spectrum
5) Light, Lenses and Lasers
6) Sound - Properties and Characteristics
7) Electricity and Magnetism
8) Very Simple Circuits - Ohm's law
9) Calculations, Demonstrations, Labs, Activities, Projects

Chemistry - Unit #1

1) States of Matter
2) Physical vs. Chemical Changes
3) Atoms and Molecules
4) The Periodic Table of Elements
5) Groups, Families and Properties of Elements

Chemistry - Unit #2

1) Types of Chemical Bonds
2) Chemical Reactions
3) Making and Naming Compounds
4) Nuclear Reactions and Radioactivity

Chemistry - Unit #3

1) Chemical Solutions
2) Acids, Bases and Salts
3) Organic Chemistry and Compounds

Science is fun. It is everywhere. It is a process by which we try, as human beings, to explain our physical universe. We will explore the vastness of the Creation and as we travel and explore from the innermost portions of the atom to the outer reaches of the known physical universe...and beyond!

So don't miss anything! I am excited to teach you all of these things!
Whether or not you may think of yourself a scientist, I really want to teach you how to act and THINK like a scientist!

All real scientists are curious little kids in grown-up bodies. We are inquisitive, annoying creatures who need to know everything: how something works, why something works, what will happen if we do this or that, and so on. Bring out that inner child within you -- Be Child-like, not Child-ish.

Physics

Vasquez High School -- Physics Syllabus -- J. Berkeley -- 2014-2015

General Science Unit

1) Qualities of a Scientist
2) SI System of Measurement
3) Branches of Physics and Related
4) Metric System
5) Accuracy and Precision
6) Safety Rules in the Laboratory
7) Scientific Method

Physics - Unit #1

1) Scalars & Vectors
2) All Motion is Relative
3) Position, Speed, Velocity, Acceleration
4) Gravity and Free Fall
5) Terminal Velocity & Air Resistance
6) Graphing Motion
7) Projectile Motion
8) Basic Trigonometry
9) Calculations, Demonstrations, Labs, Activities, Projects

Physics - Unit #2

1) Newton's Laws and Concept of Force
2) Rotation vs. Revolution
3) Centripetal and Tangential Acceleration etc.
4) Types and Changes of Energy, Potential vs. Kinetic
5) Energy, Work, and Power
6) Simple and Compound Machines
7) Rolling Objects and Moments of Inertia
8) Calculations, Demonstrations, Labs, Activities, Projects

Physics - Unit #3

1) Heat and Temperature - Basic Thermodynamics
2) Temperature Scales & Conversions
3) Waves - Types, Characteristics and Behaviors
4) Electromagnetic Spectrum
5) Light, Lenses and Lasers
6) Sound - Properties and Characteristics
7) Electricity and Magnetism
8) Simple Circuits - Ohm's law
9) Basic Computer Technology
10) Calculations, Demonstrations, Labs, Activities, Projects

Physics - Unit #4

1) Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics
2) Modern Physics
3) Quantum Theory and Beyond
4) Nanotechnology
5) Semiconductor Technology
6) Astrophysics and Cosmology

Physics is fun. It is everywhere. It is truly the basic science because all of the other sciences depend on its laws. We will explore the vastness of the Creation and as we travel and explore from the innermost portions of the atom to the outer reaches of the known physical universe...and beyond!

So don't miss anything! I am excited to teach you all of these things!
Whether or not you may think of yourself a scientist,
I really want to teach you how to act and THINK like a scientist!

Chemistry / AP Chemistry

Vasquez High School -- Combined Chemistry/AP Chemistry Syllabus -- J. Berkeley -- 2014-2015

I. Introduction
A. Safety rules and procedures
B. Scientific Method
C. Branches and careers in chemistry
D. Scientific Notation
E. Accuracy, precision, significant figures
F. Control vs. test and other types of experimentation


II. Measurement
A. System Internationale units (SI) vs. English units
B. Metric system and prefixes
C. Dimensional analysis conversions and technique
D. Percentage error calculation
E. Density, area, and volume calculations
F. Temperature scales and conversions


III. Matter
A. Mass vs. weight
B. Hetero- vs. Homogeneous matter
C. Extensive, intensive, physical and chemical properties
D. Phases of matter and changes in phase
E. Physical vs. chemical changes in matter
F. Elemental occurrences in nature, ores, minerals
G. Laws of conservation of matter/energy
H. Compounds vs. mixtures

IV. Energy
A. Definition, work, joules
B. Kinetic vs. potential, types of potential
C. Endothermic vs. exothermic
D. Forms of energy, changes in form
E. Heat vs. Temperature, cal, kcal, Cal, kinetic theory of matter
F. Activation energy, calorimeter, specific heat
G. Specific heat calculations
H. Electrostatic forces, current, voltage, resistance, insulators, conductors

V. Gases
A. Pressure defined, various units of pressure
B. Atmospheric pressure, barometer, manometer
C. Standard temperature and pressure (STP)
D. Boiling, melting, viscosity, changes in water

VI. The Gas Laws
A. Boyle’s Law (PV=k), Charles’ Law (V=kT), combined laws (PV=kT) with calculations
B. Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
C. Graham’s Law of Diffusion (relative particle velocities)
D. Avogadro’s hypothesis and number
E. Mole concept, molar volume and calculations
F. Kinetic theory, an Ideal gas?, PV=nRT

VII. Liquids and Solids
A. Mechanism of Evaporation
B. Vapor vs. Gas, volatility, vapor pressure
C. Liquid-vapor equilibrium and pressure at equilibrium
D. What is Boiling?
E. Liquefaction, critical temperature and pressure
F. Heats of vaporization, condensation, fusion, and crystallization
G. Fractional distillation, hydration, and related terms

VIII. Atomic Structure and Theory (Part 1)
A. Democritus, Lavoisier, Proust, Dalton, etc.
B. Atomos, conservation of matter experiments, laws of definite and multiple proportions
C. Dalton’s Modern Atomic Theory (1803) and its limitations
D. Crookes, Thomson, Millikan, Rutherford, Chadwick
E. Crookes tube, anode, cathode, cathode ray tubes
F. Charge-to-mass ratio of an electron - Oil Drop experiment
G. Discovery of the nucleus - Gold Foil experiment
H. Relative charges and masses of subatomic particles
I. Isotopes, avg. atomic masses, notation, important carbon and hydrogen isotopes
J. Atomic number vs. atomic mass
K. Waves and their characteristics (amplitude, wavelength, crest, trough, frequency, velocity, interference)
L. Electromagnetic spectrum
M. c = ??, E = h? or E = hf

IX. Atomic Structure and Theory (Part 2)
A. Four branches of mechanics
B. Planck, Einstein, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Schroedinger, Bohr, Roentgen, Becquerel, Curie, Pauli, etc.
C. Wave particle duality of nature, exclusion principle, uncertainty principle, quantum theory, Hund’s Rule
D. Ground state, excited states, standing waves, nodes, modes of vibration, spectroscopy
E. Four quantum numbers for each electron (principal, sublevel, orbital, spin)
F. Electron configurations, valence shell electrons
G. Kernel concept, electron clouds, quantum mechanical probabilities
H. X-rays, transmutation, radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma radiations), fission, fusion
I. Half-life calculations, nuclear equations, rates of nuclear decay

X. Chemical Bonding (Part 1)
A. Chemical bonding, reactions and valence electrons
B. Noble gases and stable octets, octet rule and exceptions
C. Ionization energies, cations, anions
D. Electron dot diagrams, Lewis notation, configurations
E. Ionic bonding, crystal lattices, 42 crystal varieties
F. Covalent bonding, coordinate covalency, resonance
G. Metallic bonding, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces, London forces

XI. Chemical Bonding (Part 2)
A. Electronegativity and the magic 1.7
B. Polar vs. non-polar compounds
C. Molecules and network solids, ionic crystals, Bragg equation, diamagnetism and paramagentism
D. The VSEPR model, hybrid orbitals, pi and sigma bonds, bond order
E. Polyatomic ions, old vs. new names for cations
F. Bond energies, bond angles, bond geometries


XII. The Periodic Table
A. Dobreiner, Newlands, Mendeleev et al
B. Periodicity and the Periodic Law
C. Periods, groups, families - trends and characteristics, compare and contrast
D. Ionic radii, cations vs. anions, electron affinity, atomic sizes
E. Metals, non-metals, metalloids

XIII. Chemical Formulas
A. Empirical formulas, molecular formulas, valences of ions, multivalent ions (old vs. new names)
B. Naming of compounds, prefixes, per-, hypo-, binary, ternary compounds
C. Coordination compounds, ligands, metallic bonds, isomerism, Werner

XIV. Chemical Equations
A. Reactants vs. products
B. Balancing a chemical equation
C. Phases in chemical equations
D. Four types of chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single- and double- replacement)

XV. Stoichiometry
A. The mole - Avogadro’s number
B. Molecular formula mass, formula weights
C. Percentage composition
D. Determining formula from percentages
E. Limiting reagents, theoretical yields, spectator ions
F. Mass-mass & mass-volume problems
G. Net ionic equations, redox reactions, activity series

XVI. Solutions
A. Characteristics of solutions, solute, solvent, solution
B. Types of solutions
C. What affects solubility, Henry’s Law, etc.
D. Factors affecting rate of solution
E. Solubility curves
F. Unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated
G. Dilute vs concentarted

XVII. Expressing Solution Concentrations
A. Percentage by mass
B. Mass of solute per unit volume of solution
C. Parts per million, billion, trillion
D. Molarity and molality

XVIII. Colligative Properties of Solutions
A. Electrolytes, non-electrolytes, vapor pressure, conductivity
B. Freezing point depression, boiling point elevation

XIX. Chemical Kinetics
A. Reaction rates and effective collisions
B. Hetero- vs. homogeneous reactions
C. Catalysis
D. Reaction mechanisms, rate-controlling steps
E. Potential energy diagrams w/activation energies w/ and w/o catalysts, activation complex

XX. Enthalpy and Entropy
A. Enthalpy and heat content
B. Heats of formation vs. stability of a compound, Hess’ Law
C. Entropy changes (DS), thermodynamic basics
D. Gibbs Free Energy equation, spontaneity

XXI. Chemical Equilibrium
A. Reversible reactions
B. What is equilibrium?
C. Equilibrium constant (Keq) and the mass-action expression
D. Le Chatelier’s principle and its changes, the Haber Process

XXII. Solubility Products
A. Solubility product Ksp
B. Two uses for Ksp
C. Prediction of precipitation

XXIII. Acids, Bases and Salts
A. Ionization vs dissociation, weak vs. strong acids and bases
B. Definition of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, etc.)
C. Ionization constants of acids and bases, Ka and Kb
D. Properties, consumer uses, and preparations of common acids and bases
E. Four types of salts, acid-base reactions w/gas formation
F. Ionization of water, Kw, and calculations
G. Definition and calculation of pH, pH + pOH = 14
H. Buffers, amphoterism, conjugates, titrations, indicators, neutralizations, hydrolysis, normality

XXIV. Electrochemistry
A. Redox revisited, voltaic cells, activity series potentials, half-reactions
B. Batteries, Nernst equation, EMF, corrosion, electrical work, fuel cells

XXV. Organic Chemistry
A. Structural formulas, isomers, saturated vs. unsaturated
B. Hydrocarbon chains and names
C. Benzene rings and related ideas
D. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, and organic esters

XXVI. Labs
A. Finding the Ratio of Moles of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction
B. Identification of Alum, KAl(SO4)2 -12H2O
C. An Activity Series
D. Thermochemistry and Hess’ Law
E. Molecular Mass of a Volatile Liquid
F. Molecular Mass by Freezing Point Depression
G. Vapor Pressure and Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water
H. Analysis of a Commercial Bleach
I. Determination of the Hardness of Water
J. Study of the Kinetics of a Reaction
K. Determination of the Solubility Product of an Ionic Compound
L. Determination of the Equilibrium Constant for the Formation of FeSCN2+
M. Determination of the Dissociation Constants of Weak Acids
N. Determination of the Equivalent Mass and pKa of an Unknown Acid
O. Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle
P. Determination and Comparison of Solubility Curves
Q. Qualitative Analysis Using Paper Chromatography
R. Determination of Percentage Copper in an Alloy
S. Determination of the Formula of Various Hydrates
T. An Exploration Into Electrochemical Half-Cells
U. Laboratory Techniques for the Identification of Unknown Cations
V. The Preparation of Esters
XXVIII. Demonstrations - I will perform roughly four dozen demonstrations throughout the course of the school year culled from my collection of nearly 500 that will supplement the student’s comprehension of chemical principles. Most of these are either too dangerous for the students to perform in groups or are subject to limitations in the stockroom.
Earth Science

Vasquez High School -- Earth Science -- Syllabus -- School Year 2013-2014
Instructor: Jeff Berkeley, M.S.


In this course, students will demonstrate understanding of important concepts applicable to the Earth around them and the skies above them. Laboratory inquiry, demonstrations, and course work are designed to develop a thorough understanding of the solid earth (geology), the earth’s waters (hydrology and
oceanography), the earth’s atmosphere (meteorology), and the universe beyond earth (astronomy).

Main Textbook: Earth Science, Spaulding and Namowitz, 2005, McDougall Littell, ISBN 0-618-49938-5

Supplementary Materials include ancillary texts, lab manuals, support publications from book publisher, and
various other teaching materials and videos from instructor’s library and vast mineral collection.

Topically, students will study the following:

The Nature of Science Surface Water Plate Tectonics Earth Resources
Mapping Our World Groundwater Volcanic Activity Energy Resources
Matter and AtomicStructure Atmosphere Earthquakes Human Impact on Earth Resources
Minerals Meteorology Mountain Building The Sun-Earth-MoonSystem
Igneous Rocks The Nature of Storms Fossils and the Rock Record Our Solar System
Sedimentary and
Metamorphic Rocks
Climate The Precambrian Earth Stars
Weathering, Erosion,
and Soil
Physical Oceanography The Paleozoic Era Galaxies and the Universe
Mass Movements, Wind
and Glaciers
The Marine Environment The Mesozoic and
Cenozoic Eras
Others as needed


Course Outline by Unit, Chapter and Section

The following topics are covered in depth through the text, lecture, and lab work. Each topic is reviewed in
class, with student assignments including reading, responding in writing to section, chapter and unit review,
demonstrating knowledge through class presentation, and completing lab assignments and lab manuals.

CHAPTER SECTION on left with ACTIVITIES, LABS, PROJECTS & DEMOS on right

1.1 A New View of Earth
1.2 The Earth System’s Four Spheres
1.3 Cycles and the Earth
2.1 The Scientist’s Mind
2.2 Scientific Method of Inquiry
2.3 Scientists’ Tools
3.1 Modeling the Planet
3.2 Mapmaking and Technology
3.3 Topographic Maps
4.1 Earth’s Formation
4.2 Earth’s Rotation
4.3 Earth’s Revolution
5.1 Matter and Atoms
5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals
5.3 Identifying Minerals
5.4 Mineral Groups
6.1 How Rocks Form
6.2 Igneous Rocks
6.3 Sedimentary Rocks
6.4 Metamorphic Rocks
7.1 Mineral Resources
7.2 Energy Resources
7.3 Environmental Issues
8.1 What is Plate Tectonics?
8.2 Types of Plate Boundaries
8.3 Causes of Plate Movement
8.4 Plate Movements and Continental Growth
9.1 How and Where Volcanoes Form
9.2 Magma and Erupted Materials
9.3 Volcanic Landforms
9.4 Extraterrestrial Vulcanism
10.1 How and Where Earthquakes Form
10.2 Locating and Measuring Earthquakes
10.3 Earthquake Hazards
10.4 Studying Earth’s Interior
11.1 Where Mountains Form
11.2 How Mountains Form
11.3 Types of Mountains
12.1 Weathering
12.2 Soil
12.3 Mass Movements and Erosion
12.4 Soil as a Resource
13.1 Streams and Rivers
13.2 Stream Erosion and Deposition
13.3 River Valleys
13.4 Floodplains and Floods
14.1 Water in the Ground
14.2 Conserving Groundwater
14.3 Groundwater and Geology
15.1 What is a Glacier?
15.2 Glacial Movement and Erosion
15.3 Glacial Deposits
15.4 Ice Ages
16.1 Wind as an Agent of Change
16.2 Waves in the Sea
16.3 Shoreline Features
17.1 The Atmosphere in Balance
17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere
17.3 Local Temperature Variations
17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere
18.1 Humidity and Condensation
18.2 Clouds
18.3 Precipitation
19.1 Air Pressure and Wind
19.2 Factors Affecting Winds
19.3 Global Wind Patterns
19.4 Continental and Local Winds
20.1 Air Masses and Weather
20.2 Fronts and Lows
20.3 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
20.4 Hurricanes and Winter Storms
20.5 Forecasting Weather
21.1 What is Climate?
21.2 Climate Zones
21.3 Climate Change
22.1 Oceanography
22.2 Properties of Water
22.3 Properties of Ocean Water
22.4 Ocean Life
23.1 Studying the Ocean Floor
23.2 The Continental Margin
23.3 The Ocean Basin
23.4 Ocean Floor Sediments
24.1 Surface Currents
24.2 Currents Under the Surface
24.3 Tides
25.1 Origin and Properties of the Moon
25.2 The Moon’s Motions
26.1 The Sun’s Size, Heat, and Structure
26.2 Observing the Solar System: A History
27.1 The Inner Planets
27.2 The Outer Planets
27.3 Planetary Satellites
27.4 Solar System Debris
28.1 A Closer Look at Light
28.2 Stars and Their Characteristics
28.3 Life Cycles of Stars
28.4 Galaxies and the Universe
29.1 Fossils
29.2 Relative Time
29.3 Absolute Time
30.1 The Geological Time Scale
30.2 The Precambrian and Palezoic
30.3 The Mesozoic
30.4 Earth’s Recent History

Evaporation vs. Temperature demo
Lab #1 - Density
Demos (Sugar cubes, acid breath, etc.)
Powers of Ten video

Map Reading Activity
Topographic map project
Magnetic field demos

Forming Compounds activity
Crystal constructions
Bring in mineral collection

Bring in rock collection

Classification of rocks activity

Recycling activity

 

Viscosity vs. Temperature demo
Bill Nye - Volcanoes
Cinder Cone formation

P and S waves with Slinky demo
Seismograph activity

Identifying major mountain ranges activity

Erosion Soap mini-project
Filtering Soil activity

Lab #2 - Temperature vs. Rate of Reaction

Grand Canyon video
Identifying major river systems activity

Testing Impurities in Water demo (#354)

Bill Nye - Glaciers

 

Wave refraction demo

Proving nitrogen is in the air demo (#299)
Conduction and convection demos

Lab #3 - Acid Rain - pH exploration

Forming Clouds in a Jug demo

Air Pressure demos (can, yardstick, cardboard)

Bill Nye - Wind

Reading Weather Maps activity

Tornado demo

Creating Weather Map activity

World inventory of climates activity
Greenhouse Gases activity w/dry ice

Various demos, hard water vs. soft
Floating in Sea Water activity

Topographic mapping activity

 

Convection demos

Find the Distance to the Moon activity
Lost on the Moon activity
Bill Nye - The Sun

Gravity exploration/life on planets activity

Sun, Moon, Earth, eclipse flashlight activity

Spectroscopy, colored fire demo
Hertzsprung Russell diagram construction
Balloon and spots demo/activity, constellations
Making fossils activity

Half-life pennies activity

Design a dinosaur activity


Activities, lab inquiries, projects and demonstrations are of course intended to stimulate the students to a greater comprehension of the prevailing concepts at hand. Objectives and procedures will be clearly stated for each. Activities normally involve a write-up to be included in a mandatory lab notebook, as are all lab experiments and demonstrations. Usually intended to test a certain hypothesis, such activities and demonstrations may be presented merely to enlighten
.
A typical laboratory inquiry involves a proper expression of a problem, a possible explanation of an observed phenomena, and a method by which such a hypothesis can be either verified or discounted. These also the students to produce a formal lab write-up which includes materials and procedure, data acquisition, calculations (where necessary), conclusions, and error considerations. Later analysis of the class’ results by the class as a whole is mandatory for each.

The course is designed to cover the following topics through careful text reading, analysis and synthesis of progressive learning. Text assignments will include response to section, chapter, and unit review questions, as well as quizzes, informal checks for understanding, and embedded assessments. Research
and demonstration of understanding will include web-based research and presentation, research of current earth science studies through published reports, and current events examination and reporting. Assessments and grading procedures are covered in the certification handout and need not be repeated here.


CLASS RULES (normally I detest rules, but good fences make good neighbors

1) Okay, here’s the deal: I will do all I can to teach and you will do all you can to learn.
2) I wish to train you to think like a scientist -- bring your inner child, be curious, be inquisitive -- always ask the how and why questions.
3) Though I do not require you bring your textbook every day (though it’s not a bad idea), I do require you to bring your lab notebook every day -- every class note, every demonstration, and all lab data will be in there -- and it will be graded for completion. You will also need a scientific calculator.
(Believe it or not, they can be purchased at the 99 cent store.)
4) It is YOUR responsibility to read your textbook. I reserve the right to use any homework questions on exams. Just because we may not have actual class time to discuss them all does not mean that you are not responsible for the information contained in them. I will do my best to discuss them all of course.
5) If you have to miss class, that will be too bad for you (and for me too) but it is YOUR responsibility to get the notes and assignments you missed. If homework was due that day, you may turn it in the next day without penalty. If homework was assigned that day, you will need to get that from me, your
fellow students or my website and turn it in on time (or when you return).
6) Your work is your work. Their work is their work. Never copy another student. Automatic zero for copying - both for the student who copied and for the student who permitted it. A grade of F for the semester for a second offense (yikes!).
7) If notecards are permitted for an exam, only original handwritten or typed ones are allowed.
8) All notes in your lab notebook must be written in your own handwriting/printing. Copying someone else’s notes and stapling in will not be accepted.
9) Do not ditch my class. Any unexcused absence will result in a zero for any work due that day AND for any work assigned that day...besides, you’ll probably miss some good stuff (my class is fun!).
10) Late homework is accepted, but at half-credit at best. No late homework will be accepted after each exam. Once an exam is given, all missing assignments will be given a score of zero. Get all your work in BEFORE the exam.
11) Though the grading software and your teacher make mistakes (I’m only human you know), it is YOUR responsibility to see that your grades were entered correctly. Once an exam is given, all prior grades will remain unchanged.
12) If you were on campus for just one period, it is your responsibility to see that any work due on that day is received by me; either give it to the office, put it in my box, have a friend give it to me, or slide it under my door. No excuses will be granted to athletes, half-day field trips, early doctor’s appts., etc.
13) This is a “family show.” No profanity, no violence, no disrespect, no taunting or antagonism.
14) No unsafe practices in the laboratory - that means NO unauthorized experiments. If you are curious what will happen “if,” ask me if it is safe to find out. We will review all the safety rules in the laboratory.
15) All of VHS’ rules stated in the student handbook are always in force, including dress code, cell phone usage, tardies and decorum.

Please see the certification for your agreement to and understanding of these rules and other class concerns.

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